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GAMS是一款佳化的计算机数值分析商业软件。这种商业软件相当普遍,如 LINDO、DOT 等,以矩阵运算见长的 MATLAB 计算机软件亦有发展"optimization tool box",可以解各种非线性佳化问题的数值解。这里要介绍的GAMS,则是以简单清楚的使用者接口和强健稳定的数值分析能力见长。
通用代数建模系统(GAMS)是特别为建模线性,非线性和混合整数优化问题而设计的.本系统对于大型的,复杂的问题特别有帮助.GAMS可以运行在个人计算机、工作站、大型机和**级计算机上.
GAMS允许使用者通过制定简单的设置来把精力放在建模问题上.至于特定机器和系统软件执行的费时的细节将由GAMS系统来处理.
GAMS对于处理大型的,复杂的,需要多次修订才能终确定模型的的问题特别有帮助.系统以高 度简洁和自然的方式来建模问题.使用者能够快速和方便的更改公式,能从一个求解器转到另一个,甚至稍加费心就能从线性转换到非线性.
GAMS让使用者把精力集中到建模上.通过排除考虑纯技术上的机器特定的问题的需要,比如地址计算,存储分配,子程序链接,和输入输出和流程控制,GAMS增加了用于概念化和运行模型,和分析结果的时间.GAMS本身构建了良好的建模习惯,通过请求简明而的实体和关系的规范.GAMS语言形式上和通常使用的编程语言相似.因此对于那些有编程检验的使用者将非常熟悉.
使用GAMS,数据仅仅需要一次就能在熟悉的列表和表格形式中输入.模型以简练的代数声明来描述,对于人和机器都很容易读懂.非常相关的约束的整个都被输入到一个声明中.GAMS自动生成每个约束等式,并让使用者处理例外情况,假使那里一般来说是不需要的.在模型中的声明能够被重用,而不需要更改代数式,当其它的实例是相同的或出现了相关问题.错误的位置和类型会在尝试解决方案前被查明.GAMS处理动态模型,包括时间序列,滞后,及暂时终点的提示和处理.
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1. A GAMS model is a collection of statements in the GAMS Language. The only rule governing the ordering of
statements is that an entity of the model cannot be referenced before it is declared to exist.
2. GAMS statements may be laid out typographically in almost any style that is appealing to the user. Multiple lines per
statement, embedded blank lines, and multiple statements per line are allowed. You will get a good idea of what is
allowed from the examples in this tutorial, but precise rules of the road are given in the next Chapter.
3. When you are a beginning GAMS user, you should terminate every statement with a semicolon, as in our examples.
The GAMS compiler does not distinguish between upper-and lowercase letters, so you are free to use either.
4. Documentation is crucial to the usefulness of mathematical models. It is more useful (and most likely to be accurate)
if it is embedded within the model itself rather than written up separately. There are at least two ways to insert
documentation within a GAMS model. First, any line that starts with an asterisk in column 1 is disregarded as a
comment line by the GAMS compiler. Second, perhaps more important, documentary text can be inserted within
specific GAMS statements. All the lowercase words in the transportation model are examples of the second form of
documentation.
5. As you can see from the list of input components above, the creation of GAMS entities involves two steps: a declaration
and an assignment or definition. Declaration means declaring the existence of something and giving it a name.
Assignment or definition means giving something a specific value or form. In the case of equations, you must make the
declaration and definition in separate GAMS statements. For all other GAMS entities, however, you have the option of
making declarations and assignments in the same statement or separately.
6. The names
Note that set elements are stored as character strings, so the elements of t are not numbers.
Another convenient feature is the alias statement, which is used to give another name to a previously declared set. In the
following example:
Alias (t,tp);
the name tp is like a t0 in mathematical notation. It is useful in models that are concerned with the interactions of elements
within the same set.
The sets i, j, t, and m in the statements above are examples of static sets, i.e., they are assigned their members directly by the
user and do not change. GAMS has several capabilities for creating dynamic sets, which acquire their members through the
execution of set-theoretic and logical operations. Dynamic sets are discussed in Chapter Dynamic Sets. Another valuable
advanced feature is multidimensional sets, which are discussed in Section Multi-dimensional Sets.
There are optional input components, such as edit checks for bad data and requests for customized reports of results. Other
optional advanced features include saving and restoring old models, and creating multiple models in a single run, but this
tutorial will discuss only the basic components.
Before treating the individual components, we give a few general remarks.
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